Teenage Pregnancy And Child Birth - 850 Words

Teenage pregnancy and child birth have long been a controversy in the united states. The issue emerged during the 1950’s and early 1960’s when teenage childbearing rates reached a historical peak. In the mid 1960’s birth control was introduces and the teen pregnancy rate dropped by 25 percent however it is still a social issue. Such strife has triggered much political debate. Notably, whether the government should fund programs that encourage abstinence or focus on birth control. Although abstinence would be more publicly accepted, it may not be as beneficial as allowing teens to easily access and use contraceptives. Teens are raging with hormones as their bodies are experiencing puberty which at times could result in sexual acts. The aftermath of these sexual acts is pregnancy and birth. Allowing teens to have free access to contraceptives gives one a sense of being safe rather then being sorry. School boards and school nurses should be able to provide teenagers with free contraceptives to lower the teen pregnancy and birth rate as well as increase the number or high school dropouts, lower abortion rates, and improve the economy. Teen child bearing consequences most often fall entirely on the female, in life altering ways. Pregnancy and Birth are significant contributors to the high school dropout rates among teen girls. Only 50% of teen moms receive a diploma by the age 22. In the United States many employers will not hire a person who doesn’t hold a high school diplomaShow MoreRelatedTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words   |  7 PagesMaria Isabel Terrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society. This paper will talk about teenage pregnancy, statistics, ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, and after birth options. So why is teenage pregnancy so important? Some people are concerned about teens getting pregnant at such an early ageRead MoreMotherhood and Pregnancy1429 Words   |  6 PagesMMMMM. Being mother is one of the most blessed and the most challenging job in the world. Giving birth to a new life and making it walk through the new world holding its hands showing a good trail makes a mother victorious in her life. In this modern world women’s attitude against pregnancy and being a mother is changing accordingly. There occurs so many miscarriages and maternal death during the pregnancy. A woman should be physically, and more over mentally set to have a baby in her womb. ConsideringRead MoreArgumentative Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pagesand Pregnant Promote or Discourage Teenage Pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy has become a major issue in today’s society for our adolescents. This is a major problem for all who are involved. It creates hurt and a struggle for on the parents, especially for the mother (Gonchar and Schulten). Also for the parent(s) of the teenager this creates struggles for them because more often than not, they end up with the load of caring and looking after the child while the teenage parents are at school or out doingRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pages Belize encompasses the highest rate of teenage pregnancy in the Caribbean followed by Guyana and Jamaica. Based on the media perspective, teenage pregnancy is a rising issue in Belize that should be taken more seriously. It’s an epidemic ruining lives and perpetuating poverty. According to Sheila Roseau, Director of UNFPA SROC, the birth-rates in countries are normally forty-nine per thousand births. In Belize, the birth rate is ninety per thousand births. This rating s hould draw immediate attentionRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Is An Issue For A Plethora Of Reasons1344 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is an issue for a plethora of reasons. For example, there are many health risks for the mother and the baby that come along with teenage pregnancy. Although most pregnancies are accidents, this one accident can cause a complete change in the father and mother’s lives. One may ask, is teenage pregnancy on the rise? Luckily, it isn’t. Just in 2013, â€Å"there were 26.6 births for every 1,000 adolescent females ages 15-19, or 274,641 babies born to females in this age group† (â€Å"Teen Births†)Read MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Teen Pregnancy on the American People832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Teen Pregnancy on the American People Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has been on an overall decline, it remains the highest in the entire world. Teenage pregnancy is obviously still a problem in todays American society with roughly 97 per 1000 women aged 15-19, which rounds up to be roughly one million teenagers, becoming pregnant each year. Interestingly enough, 78% of these pregnancies are unintended. The births of these children are not onlyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pages Teen Pregnancy Meshia Williams Just because teenage pregnancy has decreased does not mean the problem is solved. Nearly all teenage pregnancies are unplanned. Teen mothers are nearly twice as likely to forgo prenatal care in the first trimester. This sets up complications along with health problems, costs, responsible fatherhood, education, and risky behavior. Babies are having babies before they’re even fully developed themselves; the environment, and media along with other things are all factorsRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy : A Social Issue1551 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy rates have been declining in the United States, but when compared to pregnancy rates in other industrial countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom they are still relatively high. (Office of Adolescent Health, 2016). Teenage pregnancy is defined by UNICEF, as an adolescent between the ages of thirteen to nineteen becoming pregnant. (UNICEF Malaysia Communications). Teenage pregnancy is viewed as a social issue because of th e way it affects a country’s economy, the mother andRead MoreThe Popularity Of Teen Pregnancy1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe popularity of teen’s pregnancy worldwide has become a major concern in recent years. It is viewed as a global crisis as the increasing number of teenage girls bearing children outside of marriage or before graduating high school continue to rise. There are many reasons to scale down the teen pregnancy rate, and the financial costs of teens giving birth are important. After highly dropping for almost a decade-and-a-half, United States’ teen birth rate percentages began edging skyward in recent

A Reflection On My Spirit Essay - 1416 Words

Introduction My spirit felt ill at ease while learning about the Gospel Order during our on-site class discussion last June. The Holy Spirit convicted me of being at fault for taking the act of worship lightly and getting too comfortable. Likewise, the Holy Spirit persuaded me to consider the reason we gather for worship and whether we are telling God’s story. I began this doctoral journey under the assumption that I knew a great deal about worship. Coming from a Latino church where God’s presence is distinct throughout our worship experience, I pondered worship renewal was not necessary. â€Å"Oh foolish me,† is what I thought after being confronted by the fact that worship trends, peoples’ expectations and just pure laziness had blindsided me. Back home, I did some soul searching, hoping I would figure out why I had fallen prey to the most common worship tendencies. Thus, mindful of the need to evaluate our worship practices, I addressed my concerns to my husband, the senior pastor, and a group our leaders. The dialogues held revealed that our worship order lacked: intentional scripture reading, different types of prayers, a moment of confession, Trinitarian language, and a well-designed liturgy for the sacred act of the Lord’s Table. Recognizing that I had opted to overlook this reality and done nothing to bring about change, I began formulating questions for my project: Is the congregation familiar with a worship order? Do they see a need for a better order of worship? WhatShow MoreRelatedThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1459 Words   |  6 PagesWiktoria Ostrowska 12/1/15 JLC FLE First Draft English 8-6 Clear Reflection, of Personality The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan follows multiple Chinese-American women who struggle with their self-identity and creating a balance between American and Chinese culture. 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Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing Free Essays

string(217) " product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users’ RFID devices from 18 m away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network\." Assignment On Brand Building Nike Marketing Essay History Nike is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. It is the world’s leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18. 6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now It employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. The company was founded in January 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of â€Å"Just do it† and the Swoosh logo. By 1980, Nike had reached a 50% market share in the United States athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year. Its growth was due largely to ‘word-of-foot’ advertising (to quote a Nike print ad from the late 1970s), rather than television ads. Nike’s first national television commercials ran in October 1982 during the broadcast of the New York Marathon. The ads were created by Portland-based advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy, which had formed several months earlier in April 1982. Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television ads and the agency continues to be Nike’s primary today. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan â€Å"Just Do It† for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century, and the campaign has been enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution. San Franciscan Walt Stack was featured in Nike’s first â€Å"Just Do It† advertisement that debuted on July 1, 1988. Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to â€Å"Let’s do it†, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to include many other sports and regions throughout the world. What does the brand stand for? Nike stands for VICTORY. In Greek mythology, Nike was a goddess who embodied triumph. She assumed the role of the divine charioteer when Zeus was assembling allies for the Titan War; she flew around battlefields rewarding the victors with glory and fame. And the whole brand has been build around it, to convey one and only message, the one of the Victory, with a big V. While Nike started up its business selling sneakers, it reasonably hit the tipping point when the strong and sticky message which has directs impact on human’s subconscious worn by top athletes and runners. The Nike logo  «Ã‚  swoosh  Ã‚ » was not only developed from the wing of the Greek Goddess Nike, it was also developed to impact again the subconscious of the consumer as well. How? Nike logo has the shape of a tick, and through life and education we get some automatism with tick which means right and the cross which means wrong. Nike,  «Ã‚  Just Do It  Ã‚ » happens to be the stickiest tagline ever. It wins over the hearts of hundred of millions of Nike fans, psychologically, subconsciously, imperceptibly, deadly. So the Nike brand stands for victory, and more precisely: Competency: as we used to quote the Nike co-founder Bill Bower mane who made this observation  «Ã‚  If you have a body, you are an athlete. High performance : Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athlete, professional and athletic teams, they sponsor Cricket in India an Football in France for example, the most popular sports they focus only on winners Achievement : the message is pretty clear when you see champion in Olympics wearing Nike it’s just like the Nike sneakers brought him or her to achievement thanks to the spirit of the Victory Godess of Greek Never say Die attitude : the mission statement of Nike that the 30 000 employees across 6 continents make their own contribution to fulfill is to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world Nike’s changing Logo The Nike ‘Swoosh’ embodies the spirit of the winged goddess, which the legend says inspired the most courageous and chivalrous warriors at the dawn of civilization. The first shoe to wear the swoosh logo was launched in 1972. In 2006, Nike has also experimented in its advertisements by removing the woosh altogether Nike written in a new font, and this the old swoosh was toned down a bit. Nike Logo history Products by Nike Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first products were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts, baselayers etc. for a wide range of sports including track field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, Association football, lacrosse, basketball and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6. 0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes, called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors’. In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind. Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities for men, women, and children. Nike is well known and popular in youth culture, chav culture and hip hop culture as they supply urban fashion clothing. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product which monitors a runner’s performance via a radio device in the shoe which links to the iPod nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users’ RFID devices from 18 m away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network. You read "Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing" in category "Papers" Brand personality Nike has staked out a stylish, high-performance, innovative position in contrast to its competitors. It conveys the ideas of victory, puissance, sport attitude and masculinity. All these elements are emphasised by famous and successful sportive endorsement. With â€Å"Just do it Nike has promised its audience that the company is committed to the competitive spirit. Nike proposes that it will help people feel empowered, successful and best equipped to tackle the challenges of athletics. The company uses shades of gray and blue, which gives the brand a casual, unpretentious feeling. Nike’s famous swoosh creates feelings of movement and speed. Nike, the brand name itself, was once better known in Greek mythology as the goddess of victory. All these things and more give Nike its brand personality. How Does Nike maintain/communicate it’s intended brand image We shall concentrate on the marketing strategy of Nike by studying it’s 7 P model. Also, in the model itself we shall consider the integrated marketing communication adopted by Nike to enhance brand equity. Product Nike mainly concentrates on sportswear. The main product categories sold under Nike brand name include:http://gallery. clickthecity. com/albums/userpics/10006/pic56012. jpg Sports Footwear http://norcalsaversnest. com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cole-haan-coupons-discounts. jpg Apparels Bags (Handbags and bagpacks) Sports accessories Sports equipment In other words, all product categories sold under the Nike brand name are directly or indirectly related to sports and athleticism which in turn is the core brand image/ identity of Nike. Other Nike Brands include Cole Haan which is into casual footwear dresses, Nike Team Sports which sells headgear Bauer Nike Hockey Inc. which specializes in hockey and skating equipment. Hence, Nike sells unrelated categories under other brand names thus preventing confusion in the minds of the consumer Tune Your Run: The recent venture between Apple and Nike integrates your iPod and running shoes. The main innovation is that your speed distance data can be recorded in your iPod and then synchronized with your PC to keep a tab on your progress Nike has always strived for innovation which inturn shows in their product research and development. Strategic partnerships and alliances with the most innovative partners ensure Nike is the global leader when it comes to sportswear innovations. Some of the famous innovations include: 2. House of Hoops : Partnership with Footlocker to promote the basketball line of Nike productshttp://blog. luon. com/public/Nike. JPG 3. Mass customization: Use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output. Those systems combine the low unit costs of  mass production  processes with the flexibility of individual  customization. Price Nike’s pricing is designed to be competitive to the other fashion shoe retailers. The pricing is based on the basis of premium segment as target customers. Nike as a brand commands high premiums. Nike’s pricing strategy makes use of vertical integration in pricing wherein they own participants at differing channel levels or take part in more than one channel level operations. This can control costs and influence product pricing. Promotion Promotion is largely dependent on finding accessible store locations. It also avails of targeted advertising in the newspaper and creating strategic alliances. Nike has a number of famous athletes that serve as brand ambassadors such as the Brazilian Soccer Team (especially Ronaldino, Renaldo, and Roberto Carlos), Lebron James and Jermane O’Neal for basketball, Lance Armstrong for cycling, and Tiger Woods for Golf. Nike also sponsors events such as Hoop It Up and The Golden West Invitational. Nike’s brand images, the Nike name and the trademark swoosh, make it one of the most recognizable brands in the world. Nike’s brand power is one reason for its high revenues. Nike’s quality products, loyal customer base and its great marketing techniques all contribute to make the shoe empire a huge success. Place Nike shoes are carried by multi-brand stores and the exclusive Nike stores across the globe. Nike sells its product to about 20,000 retail accounts in the U. S. and in almost 200 countries around the world. In the international markets, Nike sells its products through independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries. Independent distributors need not adapt to local pressures because the 4Ps of marketing are managed by distributors. In terms of product differentiation, NIKE is also leading the market. The only competitor nearly has an identical business is Adidas-Solomon. Product differentiation is healthy in the footwear industry and allows the company to increase its profits through the sale of different products. Another advantage of manufacturing a number of product lines is the reduction of risk in that if one product fails there are numerous other products to compensate for this loss. Companies in the apparel and footwear industry that concentrate on manufacturing a single product are at a great disadvantage since their revenues depend exclusively on the sales of only one type of product, therefore, increasing the potential default risk. NIKE designs most of its footwear for athletic use; however, in order to diversify its products, a large percentage of their products come from sales of footwear, apparel, and accessories for casual and leisure purposes. The company segments its products in variety of ways. First of all, it manufactures sports goods and accessories for three different groups of people: men, women and children. Each segment is carefully examined in terms of physical capabilities, sociological needs, and design preference. Another type of segmentation used by NIKE that helps to increase product diversification is achieved by offering footwear, apparel, accessories, such as NIKE watches or gym bags, as well as performance equipment, including sport balls, timepieces, eyewear, skates, bats, gloves, and others in virtually every type of sport: running, basketball, tennis, golf, soccer, baseball, football, bicycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, hiking, fencing, and others. Besides the two segmentations described above, NIKE also has agreements for licensees to produce and sell NIKE brand items aside from athletic footwear and apparel. In part, this product differentiation is accomplished through strategic management planning by having the company sell NIKE brand timepieces, children’s clothing, school supplies, electronic media devices, and other items. NIKE subsidiaries, such as Bauer NIKE Hockey Inc. , are yet another way the company segments its product lines. Specifically, the Bauer NIKE Hockey Inc. subsidiary manufactures and distributes ice skates, skate blades, in-line roller skates, protective gear, hockey sticks and many other licensed apparel and accessories that make NIKE stand out in its industry. Communication Gaps in Branding of Nike Nike brand stands for: Competency Achievement High performance Never say Die attitude Nike was present in India since 1996 but didn’t rezlied the Indian potential till 2005. In Dec 2005, Nike was tied up with BCCI then later went on to become the official kit sponsor of Indian Cricket Team. In 2007, Nike released its first Cricket related advertisement in India(1). Globally Nike is a sports brand targeted to youth (mainly 15-35 yrs of age), but in India the brand is not restricted to youth or sports enthusiasts only. The brand is seen as a daily wear brand the customers ranging from youth who like to wear it to college to the old people who may just wear it when they are going out of their homes. The future roadmap for Nike – To Increase their Brand Equity Nike has faced a lot of international criticism due to its Sweatshops in 3rd world countries like Pakistan, Vietnam, Bangladesh etc. So, to convert this into an opportunity Nike should act as a socially responsible company devise certain rules regulations about the working conditions of their subcontractors. And if possible then Nike can also go for backward integration, and buy some of these subcontractors to increase their ownership reduce their costs. The competition in the market in terms of Athletic goods is very high with major players like Adidas, Reebok, Puma, Fila etc. all growing their importance. To hedge its risk, Nike can also expand on its clothing line like currently in India Nike cotton T-shirts are available but they are available in very limited designs. So, Nike can grow a sports apparel maker to a fashion brand. The apparels division is the cash cow (according to BCG matrix) for Nike and thus, diversifying in this area will help Nike increase its bottomline. Thus, Nike can expand their business by expanding adding a Daily wear clothes line to their portfolio. Nike can also sell the sports related product items which also have attributes like style cool, something like Nike sunglasses, which are available in some countries but not in India. Nike is also under a lot of fad because of the plastics other materials used in their shoes. So, rather than spending huge chunks on the celebrities, they can divert a small part of this advertising fund into RD to produce green shoes i. e. environment friendly shoes. This would given them a heads up in the market in terms of innovation, would also give them a unique position in the minds of the responsible consumer, and of course an opportunity for free PR. Indian market being the world’s second largest (2) footwear manufacturer of the world has a huge opportunity of footwear sales. Thus, Nike can attack the middle the lower end market by buying a current brand like Columbus or Welcome shoes and then manufacturing marketing them in India. They can also, launch a complete new brand for the country thus cater to the middle lower segment. This way they can also cater to the vastly growing rural market of India. They have used the similar strategy by entering Walmart by buying the Starter brand, which is an apt brand for the value end of retail business. Read more:  http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/assignment-on-brand-building-nike-marketing-essay. php#ixzz2O0SDwz7o How to cite Assignment on Brand Building Nike Marketing, Papers

The Strategic Role of UAE Space Agency in Promoting National Security

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Role of UAE Space Agency in Promoting National Security - An Insight to The Future. Answer: Overview The United Arab Space Agency was established in the year 2014 under the supervision and funding of UAE government. The main purpose of the agency is to provide the world class sustainable development and work in collaboration with various types of research and development agency. The strategic goal of the agency is to develop the world class space development program that can help in the purpose of promoting the scientific research work (Marpu 2017). One of the major part of the strategic program is the development of the space program is the development of the national security protocol by the UAE armed force. This is achieved by the mode of better level of communication using the different forms of satellite. The space program is also planning to implement the strategic command program for the control of the satellites that will help in the purpose of the better level of communication. The access of the space program is highly essential for the development of the national security as it can help in the process of tracking about all types of external threats that can come from illegal activities or terrorism from other nations. The space agency also plays significant role in the part of the predicting the weather and all types of natural disasters. In the given context, the current research work will aim to highlight upon the strategic role that is played by the UAE space agency in dealing and promoting with the matters related to that of national security. The main area of the research will highlight the future role and strategy of the space agency that will be implicated to advance the level of national security. Research Questions Following are the key research questions To explore the role of space agency in dealing with the matters related with that of national security. To explore the role of space agency in development of future strategies related with that of national security of UAE. To explore the role of partnership of the UAE space agency in the matters related with that of the national security. The objectives that can be drawn from the research questions are as follows: Critical examination of the strategy that are developed by the UAE space agency that help to promote the national security. Determination of the future strategies that are developed by the UAE space agency in the matters of future of the national security. Examination of the role of partnership by the UAE space agency for the development of the national security. Relevant Literature Strategy Management for Internal Security Thestrategic management is related with the path that are being followed within an organization or achieve the organizational goals. According to Alnaser et al. (2017), every strategy that are implemented need to carefully analyze the external environment to ensure maximum benefit can be achieved. It is also essential for the organization to properly develop the framework of the strategy that will help them to develop a proper path for the process of implementation. As mentioned by Jang, (2016), one of the main characteristics of an effective strategy related to that of the internal security is to collect relevant data and analyze the external threats. Themanagement and governance is the primary components of the strategic framework that helps to deal with matters of security. This is needed to deal with most of the internal and external forms of risks. It is also essential to make use of the risks assessment tools that will depend upon the nature of the external threats and risks that are involved within the position. As it is possible to deal with the major components of the threats and identify the same, in the following steps, it is essential to implement standard policy. This will aim to deal with the neutralize all forms of threats by following the security protocols. The policies will also help in the purpose of the dealing with the information and the procedures that are to be followed for getting the proper information. It is also essential to socialize the procedures that are related with that of the security protocols (Meraj et al. 2016). The development of the compliance is also one of the major components of the strategy framework. The goal of this procedure is to develop the cultural awareness within an organization or agency that can help to define all types of policies that are previously implicated. The security awareness program is also another major component of that is needed to justify all forms of policy that are previously implicated. The security assurance is the following steps for the strategy development program that is needed to provide a better forms of road maps within the organization. It is also important to deal with risk exposure and all types of environmental changes that has the potential to identify all forms of threats. It is also essential to deal with all types of threats that is evident for the future. In the following step, it is necessary to review all types of incidents that has the potential to compromise upon the internal security of a nation. These may include review of the terroris m and other forms of violent activities. It is also important to generate some rapid response activities in the context of the situation analysis. The basis of quick response can also be generated from all types of actions that has the potential to deal with major activities related with security threats. The importance of the performance metric is the final components of the strategic plan. This is also important to monitor the effectiveness of the theories that are being implemented as a part of the security measures (Al-Khouri et al. 2014). UAE Space Agency One of the major intention of the space program that has been initiated by the government agency in UAE is to establish their power within the world forums. The major part of the project was launched in July 2014 with the public announcement of the Hope Mars Mission (Benmamoun et al. 2016). This makes UAE the only nation in the Arabian region, who has been able to establish a space agency in the international forum. The geographical location of the nation is also ideally suited for the future prospect of the space program. The location in the southeastern edge of the Persian Gulf will help to deal with all major types of launch programs that are associated with that of the satellites. There are also the expansive deserts and several miles of coast lines that provide with the opportunity of safe rocket launch. There is also the advantage of the position near the equators that help in them to easily position the satellites in accordance with the spin of the Earth. This means that there is less requirement of the upper push that is needed in case of the rocket launch. This will help in the matters of less fuel expense (Young 2017). The financing of the space program is done from the government and private agencies, who has provided near about $5.2 billion (Al-Khouri et al. 2014). The chairperson of Al Masakari Holding, Sheikha Al Maskari is able to provide encouragement to the work of the space agency. She is able to make use of her communication skills in the department of marketing and is able to use the opportunity to deal with the space program. By the year 2020, the agency is planning to send human pilot within the space development program. The main of the program is develop sustainability within the space program that is needed to send men in the space program. By the end quarter of 2018 the government is planning to initiate the space development program by giving training to the astronauts. This will then help the space program to decide for the candidates for sending within the outer space. The agency will also set up partnership with the Russian International Space Station (Leloglu and Kocaoglan 2008 ). Promotion of National Security Currently the internal security of UAE is facing huge challenges due to the increased threats of terrorism. From the very origin of the nation the small sized population of the region seems to be one of the biggest challenges for the government. The increased number of cases of the mining activities also seems to be major cause of concerns for the security within the nations (Jang 2016). The planning for the security seems to be one of the major challenges that was achieved by nurturing of the military alliances within the section of the Gulf Cooperation Alliance. There are also has been increased number of threats due the civil war in the neighboring nation of Syria. There is also high level of threats from the Islamic State terrorist activities in the nation of Iran. Meraj et al. (2016), have mentioned about the fact the space sector activity of UAE has been developed with the growing demand of the security issues. The policy within the space program is to develop the economy of the nation and also to bring about diversification in the security programs that will help to deal with all types of threats from the external sources. The security policy will combine with that of the space development program that will be the major support for all types of industries with the economy of UAE (Al-Bolushi 2016). This will help in the path of sustainable development. The space program is also believed to introduce the technological elements within the matters of security. The military group can also get the help the proper instructions that is needed to deal with the national security. It is important for the space agency to implement the policy for the security with the help of proper strategy (Murphy 2006). Methodology This section of the proposal will provide the details about the methods and research design that will be used by the investigator Research Philosophy This is the form of believe that is followed in the matters of collecting data and analyzing the same for making the result of the research. There is the positivism form of research philosophy, where the reality is believed to be stable in the forms of dealing with the matter related with that of the research subject. For the research work of identifying the strategic role of UAE Space Agency in Promoting National Security, it will be effective to use the interpretivism research philosophy. This will help the researchers to make various types of interpretation that is related with that of the subject of the research (Flick 2015). Research Design There are three types of research designs that can be used by the researchers to deal with relevant matters. In case of descriptive research design, the investigators will make use of the detailed data that are available for the research work (Vaioleti 2016). While in case of the exploratory research design, the investigators will deploy the previously used research articles and information for the current work of investigation. This will be used in the current research work to make interpretation about the future security strategies that will be implicated by the UAE government in assistance with that of the space agency program. There is also the descriptive type of research design that will be used by the current investigators. This will help in the matters related to collecting important information about the security protocols. Data Collection Methods There are two types of Data Collection method that are primarily used in all research works. In primary mode of Data Collection the investigators collect the information directly from the sample size in the form of interview or survey. With the help of primary data it is possible to get the latest possible information about the research subject. On the other hand, in case of secondary data information are collected from secondary sources which includes previous investigation work of the same subject (Panneerselvam 2014). For the given research work, for investigating the purpose of space agency program in national security of UAE, both primary and secondary form of data will be used. The primary data will be collected from the interview of the government officials of UAE. Sampling size There are two types of sampling methods that are deployed in a research work. In random or probability sampling method, the researchers select the sample size on random basis. While in case of non-probability sampling, the size of the sample is predetermined. In this case, the researchers focus only upon the predetermined sample size and collect relevant information (Tarone et al. 2013). For the given research work, the researchers will have Predetermined sample size, where interview will be conducted upon 10 government officials of the UAE space agency. Research Strategy The strategy of the research is the methodology and Framework that are being followed by the investigators in order to identify the issue within the research topic. The strategy of the research helps to address the Research question in a systematic way. The current research work will aim to implement effective research strategy, which will be in a form of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. This will help the investigators to highlight upon all the background information related to the space program and national security of UAE. This will also help to ensure that all the statistical information are properly valuated before making proper conclusion. Expected Outcomes The major benefit of the research work will be upon the fact that it will be able to highlight importance of internal security protocols that will be implemented by the UAE government. It will also help to highlight upon the importance of space program that are initiated by the UAE government. There also has been major concern about the huge expenditure that are spent by the UAE government on the space program. As the current research work will be able to highlight upon the importance of internal security and use of Technology using the latest form of Satellite program, it will be possible for the general public to understand the importance of the same. This will also help in the purpose of raising funds for the space programme initiated by the UAE government. As the investigators will analyse the background information of the space program, it will also be possible to evaluate the success of the program in terms of improving the level of internal security. It will also be there for possible to highlight up on all forms of threads that are encountered by UAE from external sources. Timescale The total time for the research is of 36 months Research Stages Month 1-4 Month 5-10 Month 11-15 Month 16-22 Month 23-30 Month 31-33 Month 34-36 Research Topic Selection Data collection from secondary sources Creating Framework Literature review Panning of the research method Selection of the Appropriate Research Strategies Primary data collection from sources Analysis Interpretation of Collected data Findings of the Data Conclusion of the Study Formation of Draft Submission of Final Work Gnatt Chart (Timeline) References Al-Bolushi, M., 2016. The effect of Omani-Iranian relations on the security of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries after the Arab Spring. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 9(3), pp.383-399. Al-Khouri, A.M., Farmer, M. and Qadri, J., 2014. A government framework to address identity, trust and security in egovernment: The Case of UAE IdentityManagement Infrastructure. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(10). Alnaser, A.S., Abdel-Naby, S., Syed, R., Sakhi, S., Salamin, Y., Egilmez, M., El-Khatib, S., Hamdan, N., Guessoum, N. and Majeed, T., 2017, July. Frontiers in Theoretical and Applied Physics/UAE 2017 (FTAPS 2017). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 869, No. 1, p. 011001). IOP Publishing. Benmamoun, M., Sobh, R., Singh, N. and Moura, F.T., 2016. Gulf Arab E?Business Environment: Localization Strategy Insights. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(5), pp.439-452. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Jang, J.H., 2016. Charting a path toward a sustainable ROK space program (Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School). Leloglu, U.M. and Kocaoglan, E., 2008. Establishing space industry in developing countries: Opportunities and difficulties. Advances in Space Research, 42(11), pp.1879-1886. Marpu, P.R., 2017. The IEEE United Arab Emirates Section Chapter Is Gearing Up to Support the National Space Program [Chapters]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 5(1), pp.74-75. Meraj, M.A., Fernandes, C.J. and Ross, K.J., 2016. Applying marketing mix constructs in higher education: the case of an MBA program in the UAE. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 16(2), pp.149-170. Murphy, E.C., 2006. Agency and space: The political impact of information technologies in the Gulf Arab states. Third World Quarterly, 27(6), pp.1059-1083. Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Tarone, E.E., Gass, S.M. and Cohen, A.D. eds., 2013. Research methodology in second-language acquisition. Routledge. Vaioleti, T.M., 2016. Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research. Waikato Journal of Education, 12(1). Young, K.E., 2017. A New Politics of GCC Economic Statecraft: The Case of UAE Aid and Financial Intervention in Egypt. Journal of Arabian Studies, 7(1), pp.113-136.

Social Experiment Essays - Group Processes, Community Organizing

Social Experiment I was at this rocking party last night. I decided to use this party as my social psychology experiment. I decided to use this, because there were a lot of people interacting with one another. As I viewed the area I could see many different clicks spread around the room. It looked like they were only talking to the people among their groups. The groups consisted of five or more girls and guys. I observed the different interactions among the different groups. As I looked around I could see that some groups were huddled in a corner chatting as other were running around dancing and having fun. The groups that were dancing seem like they were much more outgoing as the groups that sat around talking. When I decided to walk outside the mood of the evening began to dim. People were gathered around the table speaking calmly. However, when I walked inside the mood changed quickly from the dim light to a out of control spotlight. People were dancing like there was no tomorrow. My first impression was that there was going to be some crazy people on the dance floor would have to be soon removed. Unfortunately my predictions were correct! I also figured that the different groups would not interact too much with each other. Some people were acting like fools just so other people would notice them, and maybe even accept them. I consider this as a type of conformity. As I stumbled upon many groups, I realized that the girls were much more in depth with their conversations as though the guys. Most of the guys were sitting there staring at all of the different girls shaking it on the dance floor. By observing this crowd I was able to conclude that girls have higher conversation level than guys. I also realized that conformity had to of taken place in order for these different groups to have formed.

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The Works of Charles Darwin essays Charles Darwin had the greatest influence on the world of science by proving the evolution of living things. He had first noticed the similarities of plants and animals on the Galapagos Isles while embarking on a five-year cruise on the H.M.S Beagle. After noticing the similarities between the plants and animals on different islands, he decided to study them more closely. Charles published his first work "The Origin of Species" with the work he had collected on his voyage. In his book, he explained how Organisms had for millions of years been evolving ways to help them better survive. Darwin stated that the organisms had steadily adapted to their surroundings to ensure their survival. In his work, Darwin stated that changes were to have occurred during reproduction. The most valuable traits were to become dominant while the weaker, less valuable traits became recessive. That is why having brown eyes, as opposed to blue eyes, is a dominant trait among humans because it helps protect your eyes from the sun. To illustrate what Charles Darwin would later call "Natural Selection"; he used an example of long-necked and short-necked giraffes. The Long-necked giraffes could get to more food on higher parts of the trees. When the all food on the lower parts of the trees was consumed, the short-necked giraffes starved, and eventually died out, leaving only the long-necked giraffes to mate and pass on their traits of long necks to the next generation. This is what Darwin would call "survival of the fittest." This is also an example of how traits (such as long necks, can become dominant). Darwin also hypothesized about how humans came to have different colors of skin. He concluded that the color of your skin was greatly dependent on where you lived. People who lived in hotter places with longer hours of bright sunlight tended to have darker skin. The extra pigment helped shield them from sunburn. Once again, a perfect example of nature adapt...

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International and Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International and Strategic Marketing - Essay Example The demographics that are within a local market differ from those in the global market. More important, there are changing trends that are based on specific psychological responses and trends by specific populations that a business has to be aware of before moving into the market. Those who are on the Internet constitute a different type of business than those who are in a locality (Calliau, 2010). Step 3: The unity of analysis to be examined will be the entertainment and event industry on the Internet and whether it can expand into a global market. There will be an understanding of how local businesses are working toward expansion in the entertainment arena into a global market. Step 4: The data availability is based on the current trends as well as the noted expansions of the entertainment industry. There will also be specific data available based on the trends with Internet music and entertainment. Step 6: The research will begin with identifying the current market online as well as what types of responses are occurring from demographics. This will be combined with defining a specific entertainment segment that is continuing to grow and how this is being affected by the changes in trends. The information will be compared to note how businesses are taking different concepts into consideration for the changing market. Step 7  : The data gathered shows that there is a growth in entertainment at a global level, specifically because of the Internet. Generation Y is changing the way entertainment is looked at, specifically because technology is used as a portal for entertainment and socialization. The statistics gathered are showing the online recreation is now a direct part of the younger generations and is providing for more growth with online use (Jones, Fox, 2009). The concept of using the Internet for entertainment also relies on changing factors that relate to why individuals use the

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What are the challenges in implementing Sustainable Development through a project such as Bristol Green Capital Discuss with reference to your groups experience and how this differs from other groups - Essay Example ainability of the environment, as the resources are getting scarce day-by-day, which has further played a crucial role in propounding the contemporary way of project management initiatives (Whitehead, 2002). From a generalised perspective, it can be argued that sustainable development is a combination of growing concerns related to socio-economic problems and environmental obstacles (Hopwood & et. al., 2005). Sustainable development can be defined as an approach towards human development wherein the resources used meets the human requirements along with maintaining the sustainability of the eco-system within the surrounding (Bulkeley & Betsill, 2013). Accordingly, it is considered that human requirements are to be met in the present day through sustainable development, as stated by Ye & et. al (2005). Emphasising the stated dimensions of sustainable development, this paper aims to discuss the challenges faced in practicing the mentioned notions in projects such as Bristol Green Capital. This particular entity operates as a ‘free membership organisation’. Correspondingly, it aims at developing Bristol a city offering high quality life to its residents maintaining a significantly low carbon emission (Bristol Green Capital Partnership, 2014). Accordingly, to gain an in-depth understanding of the functionalities of this organisation, 5 groups have been taken into consideration for this study, which include Transition Bristol, The Bristol Partnership Team, Low Carbon South West, Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) and The Knowle West Area Neighbourhood Development Forum. Following a brief overview of these groups, a critical assessment of the differing views of the selected groups will be performed in this study. Aligning the findings from the assessment, conclusions will be drawn on the challenges faced by the project when focusing on sustainable development of the city. Transition Bristol is a volunteer-led enterprise, acting in support for Bristol Green Capital

How Photography And Photojournalism Has Been Transformed Media Essay

How Photography And Photojournalism Has Been Transformed Media Essay Visual culture and its relationship with photographic image have developed alongside technology, production and culture. Over the last decade digital technology has changed the way in which we percieve the photographic image and transform its ability to report and produce the knowledge of representation. Digital images differ from analog photographic images in ways that affect how they look, the ways in which they are generated, stored and disturted, and the types of technical devices (digital cameras, mobile phones, computers, ipods, websites, etc.) on which they can be created and displayed.Yet there are many similar ways in which digital images are used as analog photographic images were; as forms of personal expression, for family albums, and as documentary evidence. Although, analog cameras produce images that must be processed and developed, digital cameras allow the photographer to see the image on the camera immediately after the take, allowing even more instantaneous pleasur e. The most widely discussed difference between conventional and digital photography concerns what happens after the take and before the print is produced. Digital technology has transformed photography, allowing anyone with a digital camera, a computer, and a cable to download images not only to print them out as they are but also to copy them into programs in which they can be edited, enhanced, corrected and manipulated to alter composition, colour, framing and combinations of elements and scenes. In digital programs such as Adobe Photoshop, it is easy to be creative as its digitally techniques have made it possible to build on this ability to artifically construct realism. Until the 1990s tools for the manipulation of the analog photograph remained restricted to the commercial and fine art photographer. Commercial photographers often used airbrushing and other professional techniques to tidy up, modify and combined their photographs. Today, these techniques are now common practice, to have personal photographs digitally reconfigured, to remove relatives out of birthday pictures, for instance or to erase ex- best friends or boyfriends from treasued images. In many cases, this kind of playing with the historical record is realively harmless. By the end of the 20th century, digital imaging and processing and computer- based techniques had made it possible to manipulate images in many ways, creating revolutionary changes in photography. What changed with digital photographs is not the ability to manipulate the image but the wide availabily and accsessibility of these techniques to the consumer, making not just image production but also image reproduction and alteration an everyday aspect of consumer experience. The way in which images are displayed has also changed. Before collecting your prints at a parmacy may have included a duplicate set to give to a family member that could be cherished along with the original in the family album. Now the album exisits in the form of muliple duplicate disks that can be sent to family member worldwide via e-mail, all of them of equal quality. They can also be accessed through websites set up privately thus the family photo album has moved online making it much more accessible to the public than ever before. What the purpose of a photograph use to be convey realsim, proof and evidence. Throughout its history, photography has been asscoiated with realism and truth. (talk a little bit about evidence and proof). As critic Marita Sturken notes, a photograph is often percieved to be an unmediated copy of the real world, a trace of reality skimmed off the very surface of life, and evidence of the real, (Practices of looking an introduction to visual culture) however this no longer seems to be the case. As Geoffrey Bathen argues that although all forms of photography involve intervention and some manipulation, digitalization abandons even the rhetoric of truth that has been such an important part of photographys cultural success. However, Bathen also argues that digitalization loses credibility because it strips an image of its indexicality. There can be no guarantee that the digital image existed in a real time and space. () Peirces concept of the indexical quality of signs suggests a way to understand the changes taking place with digital technology. As already noted, the power of the anolg photograph is derived largely from its indexical qualities. The camera has coexisted in physical space with the real that it has photographed. Many digital images and all simulations lack this indexical relationship to what they represent. For example, an image generated exclusively by computer graphics software can be made to appear to be a photograph of actual objects, places or people, when in fact it is a simulation, that is that it does not represent something in the real world. The difference resides in the fact that the process of producing a digital image does not require that the subject (the object, person or space) is present or that the subject even exisits. Digital simulations of photographs imitate photographs of real occurence. For instance, an image in which people are digitally inserted into a landsc ape where they have never been does not refer to something that has been. While the acknowledged manipulation of photographs has always been a cause of concern for some, theses worries appear to have increased dramatically with the advent of digital techniques. This Technology has undermined the nature and meaning of images as representation. Images and photography is now more than ever open to non-detectable transformation and manipulation. What was once trusted as reality can now be altered and edited. The activity of photography together with digital technology is transforming our contemporary visual culture. This raises the question of what happens to the idea of photographic truth when an image looks like a photograph but has in fact been created on a computer with no camera at all. In Peirces terms, this marks a fundemental shift in meaning from the photograph to the digital image, as we take these computer generated images to resemble real life subjects. While the knowledged manipulation of photographs has always been a cause of concerm for some, these worries appear to have increased dramatically with the advent of digital techniques. Frequently, these worries centre on issues of truth and reality. For example a century and a half ago photographs relieved paintings of the burden of recording reality; now in turn, computers have weakened photographys claim on depicting the real world. For all of computers extraordinary precision, their impact in news photography has been to obscure the boundaries of fact and fiction, in other words, to blur. (Leslie 1995;113) Questions of the verifiability and manipulation of images takes on a particular importance in the context of photojournalism and documentary photography. There are very high stakes in the news industry in certain ethical codes of truth telling. These include, the idea that photographic news images are realistic and unmanipulated. In other words, as viewers we assume that the photographs that are presented in the mainstream newspapers and news journals are unaltered. When a photograph is introduced as documentary evidence, it is often presented as if it were incontrovertible proof that an event took place in a particular way and in a particular place. As such, it is percieved to speak the truth in a direct way. (talk about the credibility decreasing at least 50 words) Discovery that a news orginzation has altered an image can spark scandal and debate, such as the debate over Time magazines cover of O.J Simpson when he was arrested and charged with murder. Time magazine heightened the contrast and darkened the skin tone of the O.J mug shot to create a more sinster look. Time followed the historical convention of using darker skin tones to connote evil and to imply guilt. However Time magazines argued that the cover was not manipulated, but rather illustrated. () It is here where images that have been altetered or reranged to generate a certain meaning and to ultimately persuade a particular point of view and an emotional response, where the lines between fact and fiction become blurred. (talk abit how views how images like this anger the public as it tricks them because most manipulations remain indected and how because of this these images are eroding the publics trust and the media credibility) talk a little bit about/ how because of technology w e as views can detect obvious forms of manipulation however The trust in the image as a representation of reality has been degraded part because of the overload of images in the world around us but also with a greater and more widespread knowledge about the image as something produced in contrast to a reflection. However, despite this most critics agree that photography is accepted by the public as believeable, People believe photographs, Coleman wrote in 1976 (Coleman, The directorial mode: Notes Toward a definition, in Light Readings, p248. and Andy Grundberg reiterated the point that photography is the most stylistically transparent of the visual arts, able to represent things in convincing persepective and seamless detail. Never, mind that advertising has taught us that photographic images can be marvelous tricksters: what we see in a photograph is often mistaken for the real thing. (Andy Grunberg, blaming a medium for its message, New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, Au gust 6, 1989, P1. No matter how much manipulation went into the taking or development of a picture, the viewer feels assured that the photograph documents truth. In how to do things with pictures, William Mitchell, says that the fact that what is represented on paper undeeniably existed, if only for a moment, is the ultimate source of the mediumss extraordinary powers of persuasion. Does this mean phptpgraphic truth is at an end? One notion/ arguement is to suggest that photography as we know it (active witness) has changed as a result to digitalization, so much so that truth within photography is becoming non-exsitent. Critic Nicholas Mirzoeff, goes as far as to say Photography met its own death some time in the 1980s at the hands of computer imaging. Although, another arguement is to suggest it never exsited to begin with. Many people think the manipulation of images started with the invention of Photoshop, however photography has always been altered, long before the digital age, in the sense that the creation of an image through a camera lens has always involved some degree of subjective choice through selection, framing (what to include and what to reject) and personalization. Some types of image recording seems to take place without human invention. In surveillance videos, for instance, no one stands behind the lens to determine what and how any particular event should be shot. Yet even in surveillance video, someone has programmed the camera to record a particular part of space and to frame that space in a particular way. (and what one persons reality is, another might not be) Another is to suggest that digital technology has imerged photography into an art form, as digital images are being cropped and adjusted on a daily basis to create more aesthically pleasing images, streering away from the contentional appearance of optical reality, thus making it an expressive piece of fiction rather than historical evidence. As Susan Sontag states in her 1977 book, On Photography, the photographer is not simply the person who records the past, but the one who invents it. Spanish Photographer and critic Joan Fontcuberta alsoo noted that because the computer has become a sophisticated technological prothesis we cannot do without. This also suggest that because digital technology has become so accessible and easy to use, editing images has become second nature, that is to say it is essental to correct images once that have been uploaded, in order to percieve the perfection that photographers and amauture photographers desire. Altough it has been estabishlished that computers can compile data and create pictures that mimic the appearance of the world without capturing any visual information from optical reality, such as films and computer games. Most digitally modified pictures are processed in oder to make them look more real and thereby conveys a sense of truth. we cant do without digital imaging- small touch ups like cropping and adjust light and colours could generate new meaning to the image, thus making it an expressive piece of fiction rather than historical evidence. Conclusion 400 words There are numerous examples of controversies over the manipulation of images to produce more aestheically pleasing documentary images. For instance (Opera Winfery) By exploiting the use of digital manipulation tools, journalists are abusing their power as representors of truth. Altough manipulation is not rare to digital imaging, it could be argued that but the technology makes composing easier to do and harder to detect thus creating a blur In the context of of digital imaging, with its increased capacity to change images in seamless and realistic ways, can the idea of photographs as unmanipulated evidence survive? Bathen theorizes that the perceived manipulability of digital photography will upset photographyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s association with objectivity. For the first time, the issue of a à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"fake,à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  a non-authentic, photograph is discussed. Regardless of what viewers think about the nature of photography, most critics agree that photography is accepted by the public as believeable, People believe photographs, Coleman wrote in 1976 (Coleman, The directorial mode: Notes Toward a definition, in Light Readings, p248. and Andy Grundberg reiterated the point that photography is the most stylistically transparent of the visual arts, able to represent things in convincing persepective and seamless detail. Never, mind that advertising has taught us that photographic images can be marvelous tricksters: what we see in a photograph is often mistaken for the real thing. (Andy Grunberg, blaming a medium for its message, New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, August 6, 1989, P1. No matter how much manipulation went into the taking or development of the a picture, the viewer feels assured that the photograph documents truth. In how to do things with pictures, William Mitchell, says that the fact that what is represented on paper undeeniably existed, if only for a moment, is the ultimate source of the mediumss extraordinary powers of persuasion. With most media related images being manipulated, to ultimately persuade the viewers to a particular point of view. The audience is generally unaware of the alterations, creating a blurring of the truth. The debate has brought forward larger questions about the notions of objectivity that are attached to images published in journalistic contexts. Manipulation techniques have continued to proliferate and are now the norm in digital photography, chipping away at the photographic conventions that previously were associated with truth in photojournalism. The trust in the image as a representation of reality has been degraded part because of the overload of images in the world around us but also with a greater and more widespread knowledge about the image as something produced in contrast to a reflection With easy to use tools that can immediately alter images to create a manipulated copy, causing truth to become a manufactured entity. With most media related images being manipulated, to ultimately persuade the viewers to a particular point of view. The audience is generally unaware of the alterations, creating a blurring of the truth. No matter how much manipulation went into the taking or development of the a picture, the viewer feels assured that the photograph documents truth. In how to do things with pictures, William Mitchell, says that the fact that what is represented on paper undeeniably existed, if only for a moment, is the ultimate source of the mediumss extraordinary powers of persuasion. one assumption is to consider that reality in the photo imagery is becoming non-exisitent, with most media related images being manipulated, to ultimately persuade the viewers to a particular point of view. The audience is generally unaware of the alterations, creating a blurring of the truth. the arguement made by critic Nicholas Mirzoeff that is that Photography met its own death some time in the 1980s at the hands of computer imaging. Death of photography and what it once stood for. This raises the question of what happens to the idea of photographic truth when an image looks like a photograph but has in fact been created on a computer with no camera at all. Many people think the manipulation of images started with the invention of Photoshop, however photography has always been altered, long before the digital age, in the sense that the creation of an image through a camera lens has always involved some degree of subjective choice through selection, framing and personalization. Some types of image recording seems to take place without human invention. In surveillance videos, for instance, no one stands behind the lens to determine what and how any particular event should be shot. Yet even in surveillance video, someone has programmed the camera to record a particular part of space and to frame that space in a particular way. How digital technology has become apart of our everyday lives- how we can not do without it As Spanish photographer and critic Joan Fontcuberta noted the computer has become a sophisticated technological prosthesis we can not do without. How images today have become more asthetically pleasing rather than historical evidence or proof With photographers interpreting what it is they see in a myriad of ways, by making simple asthetic choices such as a camera lens always involves some degree of subjective choice through selection, framing and personalisation. by making simple asthetic choices such as .. focal, lens objectivity even with survillance cameras every image is manipulated to some extent. Manipultaion is not rare to digital imaging, but the technology makes composing easier to do and harder to detect. Since the dramatic growth of communications since the 1990s, technologies such as satellites, the internet and virtual reality seen photographs and images seamlessly modified to produce new and morally questionable representations. Widespread use of digital imaging techologies since the 1990s has dramatically altered the status of the photograph relative to truth claims, While the knowledged manipulation of photographs has always been a cause of concerm for some, these worries appear to have increased dramatically with the advent of digital techniques. Frequently, these worries centre on issues of truth and reality. For example a century and a half ago photographs relieved paintings of the burden of recording reality; now in turn, computers have weakened photographys claim on depicting the real world. For all of computers extraordinary precision, their impact in news photography has been to obscure the boundaries of fact and fiction, in other words, to blur. (Leslie 1995;113) (insert footnote) So does this mean photographic truth is at an end? or did it ever exisit? (main body of text- argue) With the increase of digital technology used to retouch and clean up images on a daily basis it could be considered that photographs no longer represent a window of reality or documentary evidence but are instead decorative piece of fantasy and fiction. Conclusion What changed with the digital photograph is not the ability to manipulate the image but the wide availability and accessibility of these techniques to the consumer, making not just image production but also image reproduction and alteration an everyday aspect of consumer experience. The capacity for manipulation and multiple contextualization is not new, of course, with the digital photograph. It has always been possible to fake realism in photographs. Photographic prints and negatives have been physically altered since the beginning of photography. At time this has been for aesthetic effect, or for political or social reasons. While some early photographic manipulation had the aim of enhancing the seeming truthlikeness of the image, other examples appear purely decorative. For years, photographers have retouched both negatives and prints in darkrooms, removing speckles and dust or hiding blemishes on the faces of subjects. Points and arguements The possiblilties of digital imaging are endless, for example, the unique and cherished old photograph of our great grandfather at age five, fading and crumbling in the family album, becomes a bit less difficult to lose when it hasw been preserved in a copy that will not erode over time and will not decrease the quality with copying as a photographic original would. While the acknowledged manipulation of photographs has been a cause of concern for some, these worries appear to have increased dramatically with the advent of digital techniques. Frequently, these worries centre on issues of truth and reality. For instance a century and a half ago photographs relieved paintings of the burden of recording reality; now, in turn, computers have weakened photographs claim on depicting the real world. For all of computers extraordinary precision , their impact in news photography has been to obscure the boundaries of fact and fiction. In other words, to blur. (Leslie:1995;113) Most critics agree that photography is accepted by the public as believeable. People believe photographs, Coleman wrote in 1976 (Coleman, The directorial mode: Notes Toward a definition, in Light Readings, p248. and Andy Grundberg reiterated the piont that photography is the most stylistically transparent of the visual arts, able to represent things in convincing persepective and seamless detail. Never, mind that advertising has taught us that photographic images can be marvelous tricksters: what we see in a photograph is often mistaken for the real thing. (Andy Grunberg, blaming a medium for its message, New York Times, Arts and Leisure section, August 6, 1989, P1. People have inhertited a cultural tendency to see through the photograph to what is photographed and to forget that the photograph is an artifact, made by a human. Photographers are well aware of the aura of credibility the photograph has that other media representations do not share. Jacob Riss and Lewis Hine, for example, wrote and made photographs in the cause of social refoem and knowingly used the medium of photography to give their writing more credibility. Hine stated, the average person believes implicitly that the photograph cannot falsify, but he was quick to add, you and I know that while photographs may not lie, liars may photograph. (Lewis Hine, Social photography , How the Camera May in the Social Uplift, in Classic Essays, P 111. FIT THIS IN SOMEWHERE USE THIS!!! Critic Nicholas Mirzoeff declared that photography met its own death some time in the 1980 at the hands of computer imaging. ()8 Likewise, Williams J. Mitchell too backed Mirzeff claim by announcing that from this moment on, photography is dead or more precisely, radically and permanently redefined as was painting one hundred and fifty years before. ()9 Spanish photographer and critic Joan Fonctcuberta also noted that, because the computer has become a sophisticated technological prosthesis we cannot do without. Moreover, all photography has been altered in the sense that the camera frames and focuses on a chosen subject, thus eliminating other topics. (talk about objectivity here and how every image is altered beacuse of this even surviallance) Photographs are treated as active witnesses

The Catastrophic Impact of Rising Oceans on the Pacific Islands Essay

The Catastrophic Impact of Rising Oceans on the Pacific Islands All over the world indigenous communities are faced with an array of new problems, though the public continues to gain insight into the lives of these people they continue to be marginalized in the global arena as well. The Pacific Islands are an entity far removed from the minds of most westerners. The primary focus of any political discourse within the United States places most emphasis on Australia and New Zealand ignoring the smaller less politically salient states. However, it is these smaller islands that will bare the brunt of one huge problem in the future, global warming. For the purpose of this paper I will ignore the polemics of global warming and not hypothesize whether or not it actually has any permanent adverse effects on the ecosystems of the world or whether or not it is cyclical. Instead, I will focus on the evidence already documented within the Pacific Island states, evidence which lends strong support to the notion that the earth is getting warmer and the oceans are rising. For the people of the lowland Pacific Islands it doesn’t matter if the current warming is a temporary trend that will reverse itself in a few centuries, they will have to deal with it on a much more short-term basis. The ocean has already begun to change and for the people of the Pacific Islands that is a major concern, it could be catastrophic if left unattended. The prospect of rising waters in the oceans has a transcendent effect on the Pacific Islands. Not only will the oceans rise and the seas become more torrent, their very cultures could be uprooted and their modes of existence forever changed. Recently a new study conducted by the National Oceanographic Data C... ...rliest Washington cherry blossom peak...Almost no one disputes the fact that a substantial rise in sea level would be a bad thing, inundating first a number of oceanic nations such as the Marshall Islands and Vanuatu in the Pacific, and the moving on to eat up places like Manhattan and the world’s other great coastal cities...The plight of Washington’s cherry blossoms pale by comparison. The National Park Service is making no promises, but barring a catastrophic petal-scattering storm, it appears there will be enough blossoms around on April 9th to avoid total embarrassment at this years parade. Bibliography: Smith, Donald National Geographic News@nattionalgeographic.com Pacific Islands Report GPI Atlantic www.gpiatlantic.org Vanishing Islands www.ourplanet.com Warming Hits Hard in Pacific www.ABCNEWS.com Environmental News Network www.ENN.com